Security and strategic interests are transforming science, technology, and innovation (STI) in Europe. By promoting dual-use and defence research, European and EU policymakers are seeking to ...

The Russian Analytical Digest (RAD) analyzes recent events, trends and developments within contemporary Russian politics, economics and business, foreign policy, security and society. Each issue ...

The “ETH/PRIO Civil Conflict CeaseFire” (CF) dataset is the first comprehensive global dataset covering the full range of ceasefire arrangements in civil conflicts between 1989 and 2020. In total, the ...

The Ceasefire Project seeks to develop a stronger understanding of the role that ceasefires play in the transition from war to peace. Ceasefires are a regular occurrence in armed conflict, yet we know ...

The series CSS Policy Briefs provides concise, policy-orientated output with the aim to set agendas, explain policy-relevant issues, and identify policy options. CSS Policy Briefs are published each ...

Max Smeets is a Senior Researcher at the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zurich and Co-Director of Virtual Routes. He is the author of ‘Ransom War: How Cyber Crime became a Threat to National ...

Dr. Corinne Bara is a Senior Researcher in conflict studies at the Center for Security Studies (CSS). She uses computational methods to study various aspects of armed conflict and political violence.

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

Gorana Grgić and Daniel Möckli place this year’s edition of Strategic Trends in the context of profound changes in the international order, characterized by shifting power balances, increasing rivalry ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

In 2025, China enacted several export controls on rare earth elements (REEs), critical minerals that are essential for consumer electronics, renewable technologies, and the aerospace and defence ...

At the NATO Summit in Wales nearly a decade ago, NATO recognized that cyber defense is an inseparable part of collective defense. Therefore, a cyberattack against one or more member states can trigger ...